Kakatiya Independence — Anumakonda Inscription / Thousand Pillar Temple1163 CE

Hanamkonda (Anumakonda), Telangana

Rudradeva dedicated the Thousand Pillar Temple at Hanamkonda with an inscription that omits any Chalukya overlordship — the accepted marker of Kakatiya sovereignty. This formal proclamation broke the long-standing Kakatiya vassalage to the Western Chalukyas of Kalyani.

Warangal Fort — Construction Begun1200 CE

Warangal (Orugallu), Telangana

Rudradeva began construction of a new fort at Orugallu (present-day Warangal) upon moving the Kakatiya capital from Hanamkonda. The fort was expanded under Ganapati Deva with granite inner fortifications and the distinctive Kakatiya Kala Thoranam (ceremonial arch). The construction spanned multiple reigns and became the dynastic symbol of Kakatiya power.

Ramappa Temple at Palampet (Kakatiya Rudreshwara Temple)1213 CE

Palampet, Mulugu district, Telangana

Built by Recherla Rudra, a general of Ganapati Deva, as a Shaiva temple dedicated to Ramalingesvara (Shiva). The temple is named after its master sculptor Ramappa, making it uniquely named after a craftsman rather than a deity. Famous for its lightweight "floating bricks" and intricate bracket figures. Part of a complex of three temples built 1212–1234. Inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 25 July 2021 as "Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana" — India's 39th World Heritage Site.

Motupalli Abhaya Sasana — Merchant Safety Charter1244 CE

Motupalli, Andhra Pradesh

A pillar inscription at the Veerabhadra Swamy Temple at Motupalli, issued by Ganapati Deva, guaranteeing the safety of merchants and their goods in Kakatiya ports. One of the earliest South Asian merchant-safety documents; establishes uniform tariff rates for all imported and exported commodities and insures merchant goods against loss at sea. The port of Motupalli (Mutfilli in Marco Polo's account) was the main Kakatiya access to Bay of Bengal Indian Ocean trade networks, dealing in pearls, camphor, sandalwood, precious metals, and silk.

Marco Polo's Account of the Kakatiya Kingdom (Kingdom of Mutfilli)1289 CE

Motupalli / Warangal region

Marco Polo visited or recorded the Kakatiya kingdom, calling it the "Kingdom of Mutfilli" after its port of Motupalli. He praised Rudrama Devi's governance highly, though he mistakenly identified her as Ganapati Deva's widow rather than his adopted daughter. His account is a rare contemporary foreign reference to a female sovereign in medieval India, describing her as ruling "as well as ever her husband did, or better." Polo noted the kingdom's diamonds, fine cloth, and cotton textiles.

First Delhi Sultanate Raid on Warangal — Repelled1303 CE

Warangal, Telangana

Alauddin Khalji of the Delhi Sultanate dispatched an army in the winter of 1302–1303 to ransack Warangal. The campaign failed — sources attribute this to heavy rains (per historian Ziauddin Barani) and determined Kakatiya resistance under Pratapa Rudra II. The army sustained significant losses and retreated. This repulse strengthened Kakatiya prestige temporarily.

Malik Kafur's Deccan Campaign — Siege of Warangal1310 CE

Warangal, Telangana

Alauddin Khalji sent his general Malik Kafur on a second expedition to Warangal in late 1309. Kafur reached Warangal in January 1310, stormed the outer fort by 16 February, and besieged the inner citadel. After approximately one month of siege, Pratapa Rudra II negotiated a surrender, handing over a vast tribute including (by later tradition) the Koh-i-Noor diamond, numerous elephants and horses, and promising annual tribute to Delhi. Kafur returned to Delhi by June 1310. The Kakatiya dynasty temporarily became a tributary of the Delhi Sultanate but later resumed de facto independence.

Mubarak Shah's General Khusrau Khan Invades Warangal1318 CE

Warangal, Telangana

Sultan Qutb al-Din Mubarak Shah of the Delhi Sultanate sent his general Khusrau Khan against Warangal in 1318 after Pratapa Rudra II had resumed independence. The Kakatiya king was forced to submit again, with tribute increased to 100 elephants and 12,000 horses, and five border districts ceded to Delhi. His obeisance was publicly displayed from the ramparts of Orugallu.

Fall of Warangal — Ulugh Khan Captures Pratapa Rudra II1323 CE

Warangal, Telangana

Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq's son Ulugh Khan (the future Muhammad bin Tughluq) launched a first failed attack on Warangal; the Kakatiya army stormed his camp and Ulugh Khan fled. However Pratapa Rudra's celebration exhausted the fort's granary. Within four months Ulugh Khan returned, capturing outlying forts en route. A five-month siege of Warangal followed; the garrison's food supplies gave out and Pratapa Rudra surrendered on 9 November 1323. He and his family were escorted to Delhi; he reportedly committed suicide on the banks of the Narmada River rather than endure captivity. Warangal was renamed Sultanpur and annexed by the Delhi Sultanate, ending the Kakatiya dynasty after 160 years of Telugu sovereignty.